Fig. 3

African cattle effective population size and history. a Estimated effective population size of each African cattle breed and the combined commercial (Hanwoo + Jersey + Holstein + Angus). b Pattern of population splits and mixture between the nine cattle breeds. The drift parameter is proportional to Ne generations, where Ne is the effective population size. Scale bar shows ten times the average standard error of the estimated entries in the sample covariance matrix. The migration edge from the European taurine lineage into the Ankole is colored according to the percent ancestry received from the donor population