Fig. 4

Role of TADs in burst frequency modulation and temporal correlation of transcription activities. a Schematic showing genes located within TADs and across TAD boundaries. b Burst frequency variations in groups of genes. Each dot represents the burst frequency of one gene, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of the burst frequencies is calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean. c, d Burst frequency variation in groups of genes located in the same TADs, across TAD boundaries, and randomly picked from the transcriptome (Random). The boxplot shows the median (center line), the 25/75 percentile (bounds), and farthest points within 1.5 times the interquartile range (whiskers). The statistical test was performed by two-sided Wilcoxon test (****p ≤ 0.0001). e Examples of positive and negative correlation of RNA level in single cells by calculating the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (SCC). f, g Distribution of SCC values for gene pairs located in the same TADs, across TAD boundaries, and randomly picked from the transcriptome (Control). The statistical test was performed by two-sided Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (**p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001). h Model showing burst frequency modulation within TADs and temporal correlation of transcription in the boundary