Fig. 1

Desert lncRNAs are highly expressed during human endoderm differentiation. a The classification of overlapped lncRNAs, proximal lncRNAs and desert lncRNAs. b Pie chart showing the average proportion of differentially expressed overlapped, proximal, and desert lncRNAs identified between human PSCs and DE cells (data from three PSC lines). c The expression level of lncRNAs and PCGs in H9 ESCs and DE cells. The curves were colored by the category of lncRNAs. The p value between desert lncRNAs and other subsets were listed in the chart. d The subcellular localization of lncRNAs and PCGs, calculated by “relative concentration index” (RCI) in HUES8 ESCs and DE cells. CN.RCI = log₂(CE/NE) + log₂(CE/NM) (CE: cytoplasmic elution component, NE: nuclear elution component, NM: nuclear insoluble component). e The cell expression specificity of lncRNAs and PCGs in ESCs, DE, pancreatic endocrine (PP), pancreatic alpha and beta cells, calculated by specificity score. f Heatmap of differentially expressed desert lncRNAs between ESCs and DE cells. Red indicates higher expression while blue indicates lower expression. The lncRNAs list was shown in Additional file 2: Table S1. g Time course expression of HIDEN during endoderm differentiation from human HUES8 ESCs was detected by RT-qPCR (n = 3). h The expression of HIDEN in 30 human tissues from GTEx database. The top eight tissues with high expression were shown