Fig. 4

Detection of gene-family founder events at major evolutionary transitions in fungi, animals and plants. Overlapping plots of gene-family founder events before and after accounting for HDF (dashed lines and solid lines, respectively). The taxonomic hierarchies that are shared between all the species are named in the horizontal axis, while the taxonomic levels that differ between species are just labeled as their corresponding taxonomic ranks (see Additional file 6: Supplemental data 4). The limits of the HDF test for each kingdom, in accordance with the taxonomic sampling of the phylogenies that were used to extract evolutionary distances (see “Methods”), are marked with a vertical dashed line. A Gene-family founder events in fungi. The taxonomic level leading to the emergence of fungi exhibits a burst of gene-family founder events before the HDF test, but all the common patterns are lost after accounting for HDF. B Gene-family founder events in Metazoa. The taxonomic level leading to the emergence of Metazoa also shows a burst of gene-family founder events before the HDF test. The Metazoa burst fades after accounting for HDF, but the taxonomic level of Bilateria exhibits a burst after the HDF test for all bilaterian animals (Bilateria; *excluding N. vectensis, T. adhaerens, and A. queenslandica). C Gene-family founder events in Embryophyta. Plant genomes display a consistent pattern of gene-family founder events before and after accounting for HDF, with gene-family founder bursts associated with the emergence of multicellularity (Streptophyta), the conquest of land by plants (Embryophyta), and the origin of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta; *excluding P. glauca, S. moellendorffii, P. patens, and M. polymorpha)