Fig. 4
The background effect on additive, dominant, and overdominant effect at levels of transcription, QTL, and trait and the result of validation experiments conducted in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. a The expression of genes with different expression patterns in 3-mm young panicles of two parents; the star means significant difference from additive effect. b The effects of 9311 genotype (P1) and non-9311 genotype (P2) for QTLs of spikelet number per plant (SPP) with different genetic effect types for combination of japonica×9311 in Changsha; P1 > P2 means that 9311 genotype (P1) has higher effect than non-9311 genotype in QTL, and vice versa for P1 < P2. c The middle-parent heterosis of SPP for combinations MCC parents and testers with different SPP value. d The proportion of overdominance expressed genes in rice hybrid LYP9 under the condition of one parental allele is functional and both parental alleles are functional. Genes completely not expressed in the 1, 2, and 3-mm young panicles of 9311, but expressed in all of 1, 2, and 3-mm young panicles of PA64S were defined as 9311 null. Conversely, genes completely not expressed in the 1, 2, and 3-mm young panicles of PA64S, but expressed in all of the 1, 2, and 3-mm young panicles of 9311 were defined as PA64S null; The genes expressed in all of the 1, 2, and 3-mm young panicles of both 9311 and PA64S were defined as two parental alleles are functional (Both functional). The level of statistical significance was derived from the chi-square test. e The relative expression of gene SSU1 in different SSU1 genotypes under different expression levels of its transcription factor (FZF1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4743; here, SSU1/SSU1, ssu1/ssu1 and SSU1/ssu1 represent the homologous genotype of wild type, the homologous genotype of mutant, and their heterozygous genotype, respectively; OE (0–10) means the strain with upregulated FZF1 by 0–10 folds, and similar for OE (10–20) and OE (>20), and Empty means the strain with empty vector free of FZF1. f The dramatically decreased dominance degree of SSU1 along with the increase of upregulation levels of its transcription factor FZF1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4743