Pathogen genomics study of an early medieval community in Germany reveals extensive co-infections

Table 1 Individuals from the Lauchheim “Mittelhofen” settlement with detected infection

No.	Grave number/individual ID	Sex	Age [years]	Pathogen	Burial group	¹⁴C (2 σ) [years cal CE]	Physiological stress indicators [9]
1	5	M	40–50	B19	1	-	Cribra orbitalia
2	7	M	Around 25	B19	1	-	Cribra orbitalia, cribra femoris, enamel hypoplasia
3	22†	M	Around 15	B19	3	-	Cribra orbitalia
4	23	M	21–23	B19	3	-	Cribra cranii, cribra femoris
5	24	F	Senile	B19	3	-	Cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii, cribra femoris,
6	37	M	Around 25	B19	4	674–820	Cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii and cribra femoris, enamel hypoplasia
7	56	M	Early mature	B19	5	-	Cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii
8	63	M	25–30	B19	6	-	Cribra cranii, enamel hypoplasia
9	67^†	F	16–20	B19	6	-	Enamel hypoplasia
10	69	F	40–50	B19	6	-	-
11	70	F	30–40	B19	6	-	Enamel hypoplasia
12	82	F	Mature	B19	6	-	Cribra orbitalia, enamel hypoplasia
13	86	M	Around 60	B19	6	644–770	Enamel hypoplasia
14	78	M	40–50	HBV^g	6	647–771	Cribra femoris
15	31	F	25–30	B19, VARV^g	4	685–879	Cribra cranii
16	16	F	20–25	B19, HBV	2	-	Cribra orbitalia, cribra femoris
17	27	M	30–35	B19, HBV^g	3	703/704^#	Cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii, enamel hypoplasia
18	29	F	20–25	B19, HBV	4	665–773	Cribra cranii, cribra femoris, enamel hypoplasia
19	46†	PF^$	12–14	B19, HBV	5	-	Cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii, cribra femoris
20	66^†	M	6–8	B19, HBV	6	-	Enamel hypoplasia
21	79^†	M	13–14	B19, HBV^g	6	650–771	Cribra orbitalia, cribra femoris, enamel hypoplasia
22	83^†	M	13–15	B19^g, HBV^g, M. leprae^g	6	656–772	Cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii

^gGenome reconstructed, M male, F female, PF probable female, ^$based on osteological analysis [9], ^†subadult, ^#based on dendrochronology

ISSN: 1474-760X