Fig. 2
From: Gut bacterial metabolites modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress
Dipeptide aldehydes induce ER stress and UPR. a A5 and its analog IJA655 dose-dependently induce relative XBP1s-GFP. b UPR gene mRNA levels were measured in wild-type HT-29 cells treated with Tm, A5, and IJA655, respectively. ACTB was used as an internal control, and mRNA levels were normalized to DMSO controls. c UPR protein levels were measured in wild-type HT-29 cells treated with DMSO, Tm, and A5 by Western blotting with designated antibodies. In all bar graphs, error bars represent standard errors of the mean from three experimental replicates, and one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analyses (asterisks represent P < 0.05)