Fig. 4
From: Genomic analysis of the domestication and post-Spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca
Evidence for adaptive introgression and functional analysis. aD and fd statistics for ((alpaca, vicuña), llama, Bactrian camel) and the respective FST values for alpaca versus vicuña, llama versus guanaco, and alpaca versus llama. bD and fd statistics for ((llama, guanaco), vicuña, Bactrian camel) and the respective FST values for alpaca versus vicuña, llama versus guanaco, and alpaca versus llama. cEDN3 introgression profile, inferred from alpaca to llama and with origin in vicuña, controlling the blue-eyed, white fleece phenotype now found in both species. The rectangles with red color indicate the same allele with the reference genome, while the light blue rectangles indicate the alternative allele. dANTRX2, PRDM8, FGF5, and C4orf22 introgression profile, inferred from llama to alpaca and with origin in guanaco, potentially controlling anthrax susceptibility, longwool/shortwool fleece, and blood pressure, now found in both species. e The typical phenotype of blue-eyed alpaca and llama. f Upper: Western Blot result of FGF5, ANTXR2, PRDM8, and C4orf22 in alpaca and sheep melanocytes. Lower: (left and middle) protein expression levels by densitometric analysis of FGF5, ANTXR2, PRDM8, and C4orf22 in alpaca and sheep melanocytes. Protein abundance was normalized relative to the abundance of β-actin. Bars represent mean values ± standard error (N = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. The experiment was repeated for three times. Lower: (right) qPCR for HIF1α and SOX6. Resulting mRNA abundance for HIF1α and SOX6 was normalized using 18S rRNA. All reactions were performed 4 times. mRNA abundance of HIF1α and SOX6 was significantly decreased at 13% O2 compared to 21% (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, respectively)