Fig. 1

Somatic mutation detection in single genomes from different tissues of the same individual. a Experimental strategy for single genome analysis of progenitor cells from multiple tissues from the same healthy individual. Blood, kidney, subcutaneous fat (SAT), visceral fat (VAT), and skin biopsies were obtained from living kidney donors undergoing surgery. The blood tissue was whole genome sequenced (WGS) as a bulk to obtain the individual’s reference sequence. The kidney tubule (KT) and epidermis (EP) portions were separated from the kidney and skin biopsies, respectively. Single progenitor cells were isolated from KT, SAT, VAT, and EP and clonally expanded in culture to obtain WGS data. These data were filtered using the individual’s reference sequence to obtain the catalogue of somatic variants for every clone. b Schematic summary of sequenced samples and analysis strategy. Two to five single genomes per biopsy were sequenced (white numbers in the round plot) from six individuals of either younger (30–38) or older (63–69) age. KT progenitors were sequenced for all six individuals, while SAT, VAT, and EP progenitors were sequenced in a subset of the donors. Somatic mutation data were used to study either the tissue or the age effect on mutation accumulation. An example of tissue-related differences found in the study is provided (top right): somatic SNVs found in 4 clones from different tissues of the same individual were plotted according to their genomic position and in different colors according to the type of base substitution. An example of age-related changes is provided (bottom right): total amount of SNVs in the genome of each sequenced clone from two selected individuals of either younger (30 years) or older (69 years) age