Fig. 1

Maturation of the rhesus gut microbiome throughout the first 8 months of life. a Rectal swabs were collected from 80 dams 1 month after giving birth (40 at ONPRC and 40 at CNPRC) as well as their infants. Half of the infants (20/site) were then followed longitudinally with additional swabs collected at the 3- and 6-month time points. Finally, swabs from all 80 infants were obtained at the 8-month time point. b Principal coordinate analysis (PcoA) of unweighted UniFrac distances between microbial communities at different ages and locations. c The contribution of age, location, and individual to the total variance in the weighted and unweighted UniFrac dissimilarity matrices measured using PERMANOVA (Adonis with 10,000 permutations). d Bar graphs illustrating average UniFrac distances between infants at different ages and dams (top) and within each age group (bottom) (separate one-way ANOVA for both within group and vs. dams’ p < 0.001, with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparison test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, dams were significantly different from all infant time points). e Violin plot of measured phylogenetic diversity at each time point each point represent an individual sample with solid lines indicating the median value for that age group (one-way ANOVA p < 0.001, with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparison test, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)