Fig. 2

Genomic inflation factor and family-wise error rate for the MWAS methods in simulation scenario 2 (effects from CTCs but no causal probes). Shown on the horizontal axis are the \( {R}_{\mathrm{CTCs}}^2 \) values used to simulate the phenotype. a Each dot represents the mean λ value from 1000 simulation replicates given a specified \( {R}_{\mathrm{CTCs}}^2 \) value for a method with an error bar representing ± SE of the mean. b Each dot represents the family-wise error rate, calculated as the proportion of simulation replicates with one or more null probes detected at a methylome-wide significance level