Fig. 3
From: Genomes reveal marked differences in the adaptive evolution between orangutan species
Gene flow across time in the genus Pongo. a Temporal estimates of cross-population Ne between population pairs from multiple sequentially Markovian coalescent (MSMC) analyses by comparing X-chromosomal haplotypes of Sumatran populations of Langkat and North Aceh to the Bornean populations of Central/West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan. Cross-population Ne is inversely proportional to gene flow between population pairs, but also influenced by within-population Ne. The x-axis shows time scaled in years, assuming a generation time of 25 years and a X-chromosomal mutation rate of 1.17 × 10−8 per site per generation. b Cross-population Ne between Bornean populations estimated from X-haplotypes in MSMC, revealing complete genetic isolation from 30 to 10 ka onwards for all population pairs except Central/West Kalimantan and Sarawak