Fig. 2

ROC analysis for DNAm predictors of alcohol, smoking, education, BMI, and cholesterol-related variables. Shown are ROC curves for predicting alcohol consumption, smoking status, obesity, and education (left), and cholesterol levels (right) Obese and non-obese are defined as BMI > 30 and ≤ 30 kg/m²; moderate-to-heavy and non-to-light drinkers defined as drinking > 21 and ≤ 21 units (men) or > 14 and ≤ 14 units (women) of alcohol per week; highly educated individuals had > 11 years of full-time education, compared to low-to-average education (≤ 11 years). High cholesterol levels were defined based on NHS guidelines (https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-cholesterol/: > 5 mmol/L for total cholesterol, > 3 mmol/L for LDL cholesterol, > 1 mmol/L for HDL cholesterol, and ≥ 4 for total:HDL cholesterol ratios)