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Fig. 1 | Genome Biology

Fig. 1

From: Controlling bias and inflation in epigenome- and transcriptome-wide association studies using the empirical null distribution

Fig. 1

Inflated epigenome- and transcriptome-wide association studies. Quantile-quantile (QQ) plots for EWAS (panels a and b) and TWAS (panels c and d) performed on the LifeLines (LL) and Leiden Longevity Study (LLS) cohorts for the phenotypes age and smoking status. Results for LL are indicated in green and LLS in orange. QQ-plots show the observed minus log10-transformed P values obtained from a linear model corrected for known biological and technical covariates against quantiles from the theoretical null distribution. Strong inflation, as estimated according to \(\protect {\lambda _{{\chi _{1}^{2}}}}\) [9], was observed for both EWAS and TWAS of age, while for the EWAS and TWAS of smoking the amount of inflation is smaller (notice different y-axis scales)

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Genome Biology

ISSN: 1474-760X

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