Table 6 Examples of genes for which expression levels are (anti-)correlated with fresh/dry weight and LER

Hormone metabolism

GRMZM2G446858

Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase

AT4G32810^a,b,c

CCD8, MAX4

Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8

++

++

++

AT4G32810^a,b,c

ZmCCD8/MAX4 is a stringolactone biosynthetic gene of which the knockout mutant shows a branching phenotype, comparable to the Arabidopsis orthologous mutant, and in addition shorter stature and smaller ears

[124, 155]

Protein degradation

GRMZM2G704093

AT5G46210^a,b

CUL4

Cullin4

−−

−

−−

AT5G46210^a,b

CUL4 is part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Loss of function mutants display reduced growth and aberrant leaf phenotypes

[127]

At4G12100^b

AT3G46910^b

Lipid metabolism

GRMZM2G149224

Sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase, decarboxylating

AT1G47290^b,c

3βHSD/D1, AT3βHSD/D1, 3βHSD/D2, AT3βHSD/D2

3β-Hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase/decarboxylase

−−

−−

−−

AT1G47290^b,c

Overexpression of this 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/decarboxylase required for plant sterol activation results in growth defects, such as shorter internodes

[125]

AT2G26260^a,b,c

GRMZM2G091715

Acyl carrier protein

AT4G25050^c

ACP4, ACP1, ACP2, ACP3, ACP5

Acyl carrier protein

++

++

++

AT4G25050^c

Reduced ACP4 levels result in a decreased lipid content and varying degrees of a bleached phenotype, smaller size and shorter bolts

[122]

AT3G05020^a

AT1G54580^c

AT1G54630^c

AT3G17790^c

Signaling

GRMZM2G094951

AT2G37290^c

Ypt/Rab-GAP domain of gyp1p superfamily protein

−−

−−

−−

AT2G37290^c

T-DNA line shows pale green leaves

[77]

AT2G39280^c

AT3G55020^a,b,c

GRMZM2G092595

AT1G71010^a,b,c

FAB1C, FAB1B, FAB1A

FORMS APLOID AND BINUCLEATE CELLS 1C, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase family protein, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases, zinc ion binding, 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinases

++

++

+

AT3G14270^c

Loss of function and gain of function mutants display pleiotropic phenotypes primarily related to auxin signaling, including dwarfism and root growth inhibition

[123]

AT4G33240^c

AT3G14270^c

AT4G33240^c

AT1G34260^c

Development

GRMZM2G170567

AT5G18410^a,b

KLK, PIR, PIR121, PIRP, SRA1

Transcription activators

−−

−

−−

AT5G18410^a,b

Downregulation results in larger rosettes that are epinastic and paler green, next to additional developmental phenotypes

[126]

RNA processing

GRMZM2G346639

AT5G53770^a,b,c

Nucleotidyl-transferase family protein

−−

−−

−−

AT5G53770^a,b,c

T-DNA line shows smaller, more compact rosette with more roundish leaves

[77]

Unknown

GRMZM2G406043

AT3G04490^a,c

−−

−−

−−

AT3G04490^a,c

Smaller rosette size due to smaller leaves in T-DNA line

[77]