Table 3 Arrestin binding partners

Trafficking proteins

Clathrin

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

+

Endocytosis

[27]

AP-2

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

+

Endocytosis

[28]

NSF

Arrestin2

+

+

Endocytosis, recycling

[72]

Small G proteins and guanyl nucleotide exchange factors

ARF6

Arrestin3, arrestin2

+++

+++

Endocytosis, docking

[32,33]

ARNO

Arrestin3

+++

+++

Endocytosis

[32,33]

RalGDS

Arrestin2, arrestin3

?

+++

Ral-mediated cytoskeleton reorganization

[36]

RhoA

Arrestin2

?

?

Angiotensin II-dependent stress fiber formation

[34]

MAP kinase cascade components

ASK1

Arrestin3

+++

?

JNK3 and p38 activation

[38]

c-Raf-1

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

?

ERK activation

[37]

JNK3

Arrestin2, arrestin3, rod arrestin, cone arrestin

+++

+++

Stabilization of phosphorylated (active) JNK on endosomes; export of phosphorylated (active) JNK from the nucleus

[24,38,54]

ERK2

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

?

Stabilization of phosphorylated (active) ERK on endosomes

[37]

Non-receptor tyrosine kinases

c-Src

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

?

Endocytosis, ERK activation

[39]

Yes

Arrestin2

+++

?

Gα_q activation and GLUT4 transport

[41]

Hck

Arrestin2

+++

?

Exocytosis of granules in neutrophils

[40]

Fgr

Arrestin2

+++

?

Exocytosis of granules in neutrophils

[40]

Non-GPCR membrane proteins

Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger NHE5

Arrestin2, arrestin3

?

+

Trafficking

[52]

IGF I receptor

Arrestin2, arrestin3

?

+

Trafficking

[49]

LDL receptor

Arrestin3

?

+

Trafficking

[51]

TGF-β receptor type III

Arrestin3

?

+

Trafficking

[50]

TrkA receptor

Arrestin2

?

+

Endocytosis, MAPK activation

[73]

Other

Mdm2

Arrestin2, arrestin3, rod arrestin, cone arrestin

++

+++

Receptor ubiquitination, endocytosis, export of Mdm2 from the nucleus

[24,44,55]

Deltex

Drosophila Kurtz

?

+

Degradation of Notch receptor

[45]

IκBα

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

+

Stabilization of IκBα, β2AP and TNFR stimulation

[47,74]

PDE4D family

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

?

cAMP degradation

[42]

PP2A

Arrestin2

+++

+++

Ser⁴¹² dephosphorylation

[46]

MKP7

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

?

Dephosphorylation

[43]

Akt

Arrestin2, arrestin3

+++

?

Dephosphorylation

[46]

Microtubules

Arrestin2, arrestin3, rod arrestin, cone arrestin

-

+++

Subcellular localization

[75]

Dishevelled

Arrestin2, arrestin3

?

+

Transcription regulation, endocytosis of Frizzled4

[76,77]

TRAF6

Arrestin3

?

?

Regulation of TLR-IL-1R signaling

[48]

Histone acetyltransferase p300

Arrestin2

?

+++

Regulates histone H4 acetylation and activity of p27 and c-fos promoters

[62]

Calmodulin (with Ca²⁺)

Arrestin2, arrestin3, rod and cone arrestin

-

+++

Ca²⁺ signaling?

[56]

Small molecules

Phosphoinositides

Arrestin2, arrestin3, Drosophila arrestin-2

+++

+++

Endocytosis, light-dependent translocation of Drosophila arrestin2 in photoreceptors

[78,79]

Inositol phosphates

Rod arrestin, arrestin2, arrestin3

-

+++

Arrestin oligomerization, inhibition of receptor binding

[80,81]