Table 2 Phenotypes of knockout mice lacking MMP genes

MMP2 ^-/-

Suppression of experimentally induced pancreatic carcinogenesis [85]; suppression of angiogenesis and tumor growth [86]; delayed mammary gland differentiation; mild growth retardation.

MMP3 ^-/-

Accelerated mammary gland adipogenesis [87]; delayed incisional wound healing [88]; resistance to contact dermatitis [89]; impaired ex vivo herniated disc resorption [90].

MMP7 ^-/-

Suppression of experimental adenoma growth [91]; defective innate intestinal immunity [70]; impaired tracheal wound re-epithelization [92]; defective prostate involution after castration [93]; impaired ex vivo herniated disc resorption [94]; impaired transepithelial migration of neutrophils [32]; reduced syndecan-1 shedding [32].

MMP9 ^-/-

Suppression of experimentally induced skin carcinogenesis [95]; suppression of experimentally induced pancreatic carcinogenesis [85]; decreased experimental metastasis [86]; delayed growth plate vascularization [96]; abnormal endochondral ossification [96]; defective in osteoclast recruitment [97]; resistance to bullous pemphigoid (skin blistering) [98]; resistance to experimentally induced aortic aneurysms [99]; prolonged contact dermatitis [89]; protection from ventricular enlargement after infarction [100]; protection from cardiac rupture after infarction [101]; diminished peripheral mononucleocyte infiltrate in glomerular nephritis [102]; impaired smooth muscle cell migration and geometrical arterial remodeling [103, 104]; impaired cellular infiltration and bronchial hyper-responsiveness during allergen-induced airway inflammation [105]; impaired recruitment of stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow following irradiation [106]; myocardial protection from ischemia and/or reperfusion [107].

MMP11 ^-/-

Suppression of experimentally induced mammary carcinogenesis [108]; decreased tumor cell survival and growth [109]; accelerated neointima formation after vessel injury [110].

MMP12 ^-/-

Resistance to cigarette-smoke-induced emphysema [111].

MMP14 ^-/-

Severe abnormalities in bone and connective tissue [76, 77]; reduced collagen turnover [76]; impaired endochondral ossification [76, 77]; defective angiogenesis [76, 77].