Fig. 3

Short-term caloric restriction alters the transcriptome and modulates bile acid profile in liver. A Volcano plots of differentially expression genes (|fold change|> 2) between AL and CR groups (n = 4 per group). B,C GO and KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expression genes (both up and down) induced by AL or CR (n = 4 per group). D–F Heatmap of key genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, or in bile acid secretion (n = 4 per group). Each column contains data from an individual study animal and each row represents a gene. G OPLS-DA analysis of liver metabolites between AL and CR groups (n = 9–10 per group). H Volcano plots of differentially expression metabolites (|fold change|> 2) between AL and CR groups (n = 9–10 per group). I Metabolic enrichment pathway analysis based on the identified differentially expression metabolites. J OPLS-DA analysis of hepatic targeting bile acid metabolomics between AL and CR groups (n = 9–10 per group). K Volcano plots of differential bile acids (|fold change|> 2) between AL and CR groups (n = 9–10 per group). L Six identified bile acids selected by variable importance for the projection (VIP) between AL and CR groups (n = 9–10 per group, VIP > 1, p < 0.05). M Heatmap of six identified differential bile acids between AL and CR groups (n = 9–10 per group, VIP > 1, p < 0.05). N–S Relative concentrations of differential representative bile acids between AL and CR groups (n = 9–10 per group). Multiple testing correction was calculated. * FDR < 0.1, ** FDR < 0.05, *** FDR < 0.01 and **** FDR < 0.001 were determined statistically significant