Fig. 1

Short-term caloric restriction alters the metabolism parameters. A The pattern diagram of caloric restriction mouse model in the study. B Body weight of male mice in ad libitum (AL) and caloric restriction (CR) groups, respectively (n = 9–10 per group). C Brown adipose tissue (BAT), inguinal adipose tissue (IngWAT), epididymal adipose tissue (EpiWAT), and liver mass of male mice in AL and CR group (n = 9–10 per group). D Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of adipose tissue and liver in AL and CR groups (× 20 magnification; scale bar indicates 100 μm). BAT: Brown adipose tissue, WAT: White adipose tissue; Oil Red O staining of liver in AL and CR groups (× 20 magnification; scale bar indicates 100 μm). E,F IPGTT tests in male mice fed the AL or CR diets at 12 week and quantification of the AUC (n = 9–10 per group). G–H IPITT tests in male mice fed the AL or CR diets at 12 weeks and quantification of the AUC (n = 9–10 per group). I Serum glucose levels of male mice from AL or CR group (n = 8 per group). J Serum lipid levels of male mice from AL or CR group (n = 9–10 per group). TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: How-density lipoprotein. K,L Serum adiponectin and leptin levels of male mice from AL or CR group (n = 8 per group). M–R TSE phenoMaster cage analysis of oxygen consumption rate (VO₂), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), and energy expenditure (EE) in male mice fed the AL or CR diets (n = 6 per group). S–U Relative mRNA expression levels of markers of adipose browning in BAT, and pro-inflammatory markers or anti-inflammatory markers in in WAT or liver. Significance was calculated using non-paired two-tailed Student’s t test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗  ∗ p < 0.01, ∗  ∗  ∗ p < 0.001, ∗  ∗  ∗  ∗ p < 0.0001. Multiple testing correction was calculated. * FDR < 0.1, ** FDR < 0.05, *** FDR < 0.01, and **** FDR < 0.001 were determined statistically significant