Fig. 1

Study design. A Individual-level genotype data from ABCD subjects was used to impute C4 structural alleles using a multi-ancestry reference panel (Kamitaki et al., [18]). C4A and C4B brain GREx was calculated using previously described weights (Sekar et al., [11]). B Generalized linear models were used to test for the associations between C4A GREx with psychotic-like experiences (PLE) in ABCD youth. Associations were examined in the whole multi-ancestry cohort, as well as within ancestry- and sex-specific subgroups. C We performed a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) to assess the associations between C4A GREx and a host of developmental, cognitive, and behavioral phenotypes (the “Methods” section). D Linear mixed-effects models tested the association between predicted C4A GREx and neuroimaging measures of cortical thickness, surface area, and volume