Fig. 2
An overview of the effector proteins and molecular functions of m6A and m5C. a Effector proteins and molecular functions of m6A and m5C in Arabidopsis. m6A is deposited to its target transcripts mainly by a multicomponent m6A methyltransferase complex in the nucleus. This complex could be divided into two subcomplexes, namely the m6A-METTL Complex (MAC) and the m6A-METTL Associated Complex (MACOM). Upon blue light treatment, MTA, MTB, and FIP37 are recruited to the CRY2 nuclear bodies for m6A methylation of several central oscillator genes. Another known m6A methyltransferase FIO1 acts separately to deposit m6A in a subset of transcripts. m6A is removed by ALKBH10B in the nucleus or by ALKBH9B in stress granules (SGs) in the cytoplasm. m6A is recognized by CPSF30L in the nucleus or ECT2/3 in the cytoplasm. m5C is catalyzed by TRM4B. RNA modifications affect RNA metabolism in many aspects, including (1) alternative polyadenylation, (2) translation, (3) RNA secondary structure, (4) RNA stability, (5) RNA localization, and (6) RNA transport. b Some known effector proteins of m6A and m5C in crops. Created with Biorender.com