Fig. 1

Associations of gut bacterial taxa with host obesity and US exposure. A Integrated tree of microbial communities associated with host obesity and US exposure. Taxa from inner to outer circle represent bacteria kingdom to genus level; 84 predominant genera (average relative abundance > 0.01%) were included. The branch widths reflect the relative abundance of each detected taxon. Red/blue colors of the rings depict significant positive/inverse associations and the gradient colors reflect the ranks of effect sizes estimated in linear regression models after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and clinical factors, while white color indicates non-significant associations. The inner ring shows 38 genera significantly associated with host body mass index (BMI) (FDR P < 0.05), and the outer ring shows 49 genera significantly associated with US exposure (defined by place of birth and duration of residence in the US) (FDR P < 0.05). A total of 23 genera were significantly associated with both BMI and US exposure and the genera names are indicated. B Venn diagram of gut bacterial genera associated with BMI and US exposure. The symbol “+”/“−” depict significant positive/inverse associations in linear regression models (FDR P < 0.05). C Associations between host obesity and US exposure. Data are adjusted mean (SE) of BMI across US exposure groups estimated in linear regression models after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and clinical factors