Fig. 6

Domesticated riboSNitch modulates translation. a Boxplot showing the fixation index (F_ST) of riboSNitch SNVs and non-riboSNitch SNVs at different genic regions. Significant differences between the F_ST of riboSNitch or non-riboSNitch groups are indicated. P values by Wilcoxon rank-sum test, *P < 0.05, N.S. not significant. b Alignment of the 5′UTR of TRITD2Bv1G159660 in 64 tetraploid wheat accessions including durum wheat (DW, B113 to B125, 13 accessions), domesticated emmer wheat (DEW, B063 to B091, 29 accessions) and wild emmer wheat (WEW, B023 to B052,22 accessions). Sequences of different accessions were extracted from the VCF dataset of the study of Zhou et al. [13]. The sequence at position 41 with Cytosine (C41) or Adenine (A41) is colored in blue or red, respectively. c Bar plot showing the frequency of C41 or A41 in DW, DEW, or WEW, in the sequences shown in Fig. 6b. d SHAPE-directed RNA structure models of C41 allele in the A subgenome and A41 allele in the B subgenome, with C41 and A41highlighted using the arrows colored in blue and red, respectively. e Schematic of the plasmid design for the dual luciferase reporter assay of C41 allele and A41 allele. The 5′UTR of TRITD2Bv1G159660 with C41 or A41 were fused upstream of the Firefly luciferase coding sequence; Renilla luciferase was used as an internal control. f Comparison of translation efficiency of TRITD2Bv1G159660 C41 and A41 alleles by dual luciferase reporter assay for the design shown in Fig. 6e. *** indicates P < 0.01, by Student’s t-test, n = 8, error bars indicate se