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Fig. 1 | Genome Biology

Fig. 1

From: The genetic mechanism of heterosis utilization in maize improvement

Fig. 1

Genetic design of the thirty F1 hybrid populations. a Flowchart illustrating the integration of genotype to phenotype (G2P), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and molecular design breeding (MDB) to achieve big data-assisted targeted breeding. b Schematic illustration of the North Carolina-II design used to generate the 42,840 F1 combinations by crossing 1428 maternal lines with 30 paternal testers. The training set is composed of 8652 hybrids with field-measured phenotypes (dark gray background). The remaining 34,188 hybrids constitute the candidate set whose phenotypes were predicted with the G2P model. c Principle component analysis (PCA) diagram of the thirty F1 hybrid populations showing strong population stratification. d Effect of phenotypic stratification across the thirty F1 hybrid populations, exemplified here with days to tasseling (DTT), before (left) and after (right) normalizing absolute trait values to z-scores within each F1 population. e Strong heterosis performance of the Zheng58 and Jing724 F1 hybrids compared to their parental inbred lines for the three traits under study

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