Fig. 3
From: Genomic insights into the origin, domestication and genetic basis of agronomic traits of castor bean
Population demographic history and genetic differentiation of castor bean. a Effective population size and split time inferred by SMC++ based on WGS SNPs for WE (blue dots), WK (red dots), and LC (green dots). The red and green dash lines indicate the split time for WE/WK and WE/LC, respectively. The gray bar indicates the maximum of effective population size ~ 400–200 years before present (YBP) after a population bottleneck (6000–4400 YBP). b Predicated distributions of castor bean based on ecological niche modeling. Areas in different colors indicate the various probabilities (0–1; blue to red) of suitable habitats for castor bean. LGM last glacial maximum, KYA thousand years ago. c Map of the East Africa Rift system including Turkana Depression (between red lines) and Ethiopian and Kenyan rifts (dashed black line). Lakes and elevation are indicated. Collection sites of accessions are indicated. d (Top) Nucleotide diversity and genetic divergence between the two genetic groups WK-I and WK-II and their geographic locations, (bottom) elevational distributions of the two genetic groups WK-I and WK-II. e Genetic divergence between WE and WK populations. Red dots indicate the regions that scored in the top 5% of FST (dashed line shows cut-off). f Two highly divergent regions between WE and WK populations. Candidate genes PCA and PHYB with the top 5% of FST are shown. The dashed horizontal line indicates the threshold for the top 5% of FST (0.299)