Fig. 3

Dose-dependent effects of QTLs on complex traits. Here, all analyses were performed with fine-mapped variants (QTL with highest posterior inclusion probability). a Schematic representation of dose-response model. b Correlation between QTL and GWAS effects, \(\text {Cor}(|\hat \delta |, |\hat \gamma |)\). Gray distribution represents permuted null with matched local LD. Each data point corresponds to the median correlation for the trait across 49 tissues. c Average mediated effects from mediation model (\(\sigma ^{2}_{\text {gene}}\), median across tissues). Gray distribution represents permuted null with matched local LD. e Mediated effects of secondary vs. primary eQTLs of genes with colocalization probability (rcp) >0.10. in whole blood, genes for all 87 traits are shown