Table 1 The SARS-CoV-2 proteome (NCBI reference genome NC_045512.2)

nsp1

180

266–805

Interferes with host mRNA translation and processing [9].

nsp2

638

806–2719

Specific function is not known, it may play an auxiliary role to other viral proteins [10, 11].

nsp3

1945

2720–8554

Papain-like protease with phosphatase activity. Performs proteolytic cleavage of the polyproteins, membrane arrangements and [12, 13, 14].

nsp4

500

8555–10054

Involved in membrane rearrangements during viral infection [14].

nsp5

306

10055–10972

3C-like proteinase that cleave the viral polyprotein to produce the active forms of the nonstructural proteins [15, 16, 17, 18].

nsp6

290

10973–11842

Involved in membrane rearrangements during viral infection and autophagy [15].

nsp7

83

11843–12091

Forms an hexadecameric complex with nsp8 that helps in viral RNA replication [19].

nsp8

198

12092–12685

Forms an hexadecameric complex with nsp7 that helps in viral RNA replication [19].

nsp9

113

12686–13024

Binds and protects the viral genome from host degradation during replication [20, 21].

nsp10

139

13025–13441

Interacts with nsp14 and nsp16 to perform 3′–5′ exoribonuclease and 2′-O-methyltransferase activities, respectively [22, 23].

nsp11

13

13442–13480

Short peptide with potential role in RNA synthesis [24].

nsp12

932

13442–16236

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [25, 26].

nsp13

601

16237–18039

Viral RNA helicase [27].

nsp14

527

18040–19620

3′-to-5′ exonuclease with proofreading activity [28, 29].

nsp15

346

19621–20658

Nidoviral RNA uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) [30].

nsp16

298

20659–21552

2′-O-ribose methyltransferase. Involved in capping of viral mRNA to protect it from host degradation [31].

S

1273

21563–25384

Spike glycoprotein. Interacts with human ACE2 to enter target cells [32].

M

222

26523–27191

Membrane glycoprotein. Required for viral particle assembly [33].

N

419

28274–29533

Nucleocapsid protein. Binds viral RNA during viral particle formation [34].

E

75

26245–26472

Envelope protein. Forms ion channels in host ER membranes. Involved in exaggerated immune response [35, 36, 37].

ORF3a

275

25393–26220

Form ion channels in the host membrane. Linked to inflammatory, IFN signaling, innate immunity, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation [38, 39, 40, 41, 42].

ORF6

61

27202–27387

Viral replication enhancer [43, 44].

ORF7a

121

27394–27759

Prevents virus tethering at the plasma membrane by inactivation BTS-2 protein [45].

ORF7b

43

27756–27887

Integral transmembrane protein. Its function has not been discovered yet [46, 47].

ORF8

121

27894–28259

Virus replication enhancer [48].

ORF9b^*

97

28284–28580

Expressed from an alternative reading frame in the N gene. Suppresses host antiviral responses by promoting MAVS degradation [49, 50].

ORF10

38

29558–29674

Potential role in hijacking components of the host ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) [50].

ORF14^**

73

28734–28946

Expressed from an alternative reading frame in the N gene. Unknown function.