Fig. 1
An overview of Primo and an illustration of interpretations of results. a The main steps of the Primo algorithm for assessing joint associations. b Steps of the Primo algorithm to provide mechanistic interpretations of known complex trait-associated SNPs. c An example—the Q matrix and interpretations of association patterns for an analysis of complex trait, eQTL, meQTL, and pQTL studies for j = 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The red box shows how association patterns can be collapsed into groups of interest (here, summing probabilities across the patterns in the red box would yield the probability of association with the complex trait and at least one omics trait). d An example of the estimated marginal null and alternative densities of a moderated t-distribution (top) and χ2 or −2 log(P) values (bottom) for a study j