Table 1 Genes, location, inferred or potential function, and directionality of introgression between llama and alpaca, revealed by Local Ancestry Inference and ABBA-BABA analysis (f_d)

Olfactory receptor (OR5) family

ChrUN

Olfaction/dietary choice [14]

Llama–Alpaca

Both

Anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2)

2

Anthrax resistance/susceptibility [15]

Llama–Alpaca

Both

Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5)

2

Longwool/shortwool fleece [16]

Llama–Alpaca

Both

C4orf22

2

ANTXR2,FGF5, C4orf22 region linked to high blood pressure susceptibility [17]

Llama–Alpaca

Both

Atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme (CORIN)

2

Negatively regulates Agouti, yellow coat in Hanwoo cattle [18]

Alpaca–Llama

Both

Endothelin 3 (EDN3)

19

Blue-eyed, white coat phenotype in Waardenburg syndrome of human [19]

Alpaca–Llama

Both

Olfactory receptor (OR2) family

ChrUN

Olfaction/dietary choice [14]

Alpaca–Llama

f_d

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)

11

Melanogenesis in alpaca [20]

Alpaca–Llama

Both

Agouti signaling protein (ASIP)

19

Pigmentation [21, 22]

Alpaca–Llama

f_d

Transgelin (TAGLN)

33

Fiber development in Merino sheep [23]

Alpaca–Llama

f_d

GNAS complex

19

Performance traits in cattle (imprinted) [24]

Alpaca–Llama

Both

Cathepsin Z (CSTZ)

19

Immunoprotection [25, 26]

Alpaca–Llama

Both