Fig. 3

16S rRNA diversity and composition of the gut microbiome and parasites. a Total bacterial diversity measured against total “ANTS” parasite count, where parasite count is the presence/absence count of unique instances of a parasite. Thus, an individual with a score of “4” has qPCR-confirmed detection for four different gastrointestinal parasites (see Table S1 for details). Bacterial diversity increases with gastrointestinal parasitemia for all Cameroonian subsistence groups. b Bray-Curtis distances on 16S rRNA V4 bacterial abundances show that most Cameroonians cluster separately from US individuals (PERMANOVA p value = 0.001). c 16S rRNA V4 clustering of US versus most Cameroonians along separate axes is largely reflective of the differences between two highly abundant genera, Prevotella and Bacteroides. Several pastoralists and agropastoralists overlap with the US samples. Age and sex clusters were not significant by PERMANOVA. d Most abundant bacterial genera per population, averaged across populations, studied in 16S analysis. e Most abundant bacterial families per population, averaged across populations, studied in 16S analysis. f Bray-Curtis on Cameroonians, showing 16S rRNA V4 bacterial abundances colored by “ANTS” parasite positivity. ANTS-positive samples are significantly different from ANTS-negative samples by PERMANOVA (p value = 0.001) across all Cameroonians. ANTS-positive samples remain significantly different by PERMANOVA from ANTS-negative samples when only considering Bantu agropastoralists (Additional file 1: Fig. S11B), who are the only individual population with large cohorts of both positive and negative individuals in this study (p value = 0.001)