Fig. 2

Helminth parasite characterization in the Cameroon cohort. a Distribution of individuals with different combinations of soil-transmitted helminths within the “ANTS” group in the Cameroon sample colored by subsistence group. b Positive, negative, and random association based on a probabilistic model of pathogen co-occurrence, calculated across all types of tested pathogens (blood parasites, fecal parasites, and HIV) for all Cameroonians. The expected frequency is calculated from the presence/absence data of parasites, with the assumption that the distribution of each pathogen is independent and random of other pathogens. Probabilities that are more extreme than would have been obtained by chance are shown for positive co-occurrences in blue (as one pathogen occurrence increases, the other increases), negative co-occurrences in yellow (as one pathogen occurrence increases, the other decreases), and random co-occurrences in gray (no significant association). Top hits for negative and positive co-occurring pathogens are annotated as follows: Asc, Ascaris lumbricoides; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; Nec, Necator americanus; Pla, Plasmodium falciparum; Tri, Trichuris trichiura