Fig. 2

Clustering of samples on the base of mutation types defines similarities between different tissues and two subsets of KT cells. a Mutation pattern of 69 single genomes obtained from different human tissues of six healthy individuals of either younger (30–38) or older (63–69) age (horizontal). SNVs were subdivided in 96 classes based on the single base substitution types and their trinucleotide context (vertical) and the relative amount of mutations for each class were plotted as a heatmap. Hierarchical clustering of the samples based on the mutation pattern is shown on top of the heatmap. b Percentage of kidney-tubule-derived cells clustering in the KT1 or KT2 subset per biopsy. Each biopsy is defined by the age of the donor (30 years N = 4; 31 years N = 5; 38 years N = 3; 63 years N = 4; 66 years N = 5; 69 years N = 4 clones). c, d Number of somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs, c) and small insertions/deletions (InDels, d) found in single genomes of multiple progenitors from 6 individuals of different ages. (x axis) The numbers of somatic variants per clone were normalized to the percentage of autosomes covered by the sequencing. Linear regression curves and P values calculated with the linear mixed models are shown for each tissue. e, f Average yearly increase of somatic SNVs (e) and InDels (f) per tissue. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons tests. EP epidermis, KT1 kidney tubule 1, KT2 kidney tubule 2, SAT subcutaneous fat, VAT visceral fat