Fig. 1

Overview of tmap workflow for integrative microbiome data analysis. The workflow transforms high-dimensional microbiome profiles into a compressive topological network representation for microbiome stratification and association analysis. The first step uses the Mapper algorithm (Fig. 2a, see the “Methods” section for details) to construct a TDA network from high-dimensional microbiome profiles. The second step uses the SAFE algorithm (Fig. 2b, see the “Methods” section for details) to map the values of metadata or microbiome features to the network to generate their vectors of SAFE scores. The last step performs ranking, ordination, and co-enrichment analysis to characterize interrelations among metadata or microbiome features based on their SAFE scores