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Table 1 Demographic, behavioral, and socioeconomic variables, by birthplace and age at relocation to the mainland USA

From: Gut microbiome composition in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is shaped by geographic relocation, environmental factors, and obesity

 

Mainland US born

Relocated 0–17 years old

Relocated 18–34 years old

Relocated 35–44 years old

Relocated 45+ years old

N

225

235

730

306

261

Age in years, mean

48.3 (13.8)

54.7 (12.1)

56.6 (9.8)

59.2 (7.6)

65.7 (6.6)

Sex (women)

58%

64%

65%

66%

65%

Height, cm

164.0 (8.9)

160.6 (8.7)

159.5 (8.6)

159.7 (8.6)

159.2 (9.5)

Education level < 9th grade

6%

22%

34%

30%

32%

Education level > high school

61%

38%

32%

45%

45%

Household income > $30K/year

56%

46%

38%

35%

26%

Mother’s education > high school

14%

7%

8%

7%

7%

Father’s education > high school

10%

11%

10%

10%

11%

English language preference

76%

34%

2%

1%

0.40%

Median year of relocation to USA

1970

1984

1996

2003

Childhood economic hardship*

55%

48%

57%

55%

53%

Childhood sanitation†

99%

88%

76%

85%

74%

Return to home country in last year

35%

34%

50%

47%

50%

SASH social relations subscale

2.6 (0.5)

2.4 (0.6)

2.2 (0.6)

2.0 (0.6)

1.9 (0.5)

Hispanic diet habits (dietary acculturation) ‡

40%

61%

82%

90%

89%

AHEI score, mean

47.8 (8.2)

49.9 (7.7)

52.5 (7.1)

52.0 (7.1)

51.7 (7.1)

MVPA, meets 2008 guideline goals

44%

35%

39%

39%

30%

Sedentary time, upper quartile

19%

29%

21%

28%

36%

Hours of sleep, mean

7.9 (1.5)

7.9 (1.5)

7.8 (1.4)

7.8 (1.3)

7.7 (1.2)

  1. Numbers indicate percent or mean (standard deviation). SASH Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (Marin [11], higher score indicates more non-Hispanic/Latino social relations), AHEI Alternative Healthy Eating Index (Chiuve [12], higher score indicates more healthful diet), MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, which was here defined according to whether individuals met 2008 US guidelines for healthy lifestyle (Ekelund, [13])
  2. * English: “Did your family ever experience a period of time when they had trouble paying for their basic needs, such as food, housing, medical care, and utilities, when you were a child? / Spanish: ¿Su familia alguna vez tuvo dificultades para pagar sus necesidades básicas como comidas, vivienda, cuidados médicos, o servicios públicos, cuando usted era niño(a)?”
  3. † English: “When you were growing up, did your home have the following basic utilities?... plumbing, septic tank. / Spanish: ¿Cuándo usted estaba creciendo, la casa donde vivía tenía los siguientes servicios públicos? Plomería, Drenaje/fosa séptica”
  4. ‡ English: “Of Hispanic/Latino and American food, do you usually eat...? Mainly or Mostly Hispanic/Latino foods” / Spanish: “De la comida hispana/latina y la comida americana, ¿por lo general come usted...? Principalmente comidas hispanas/latinas, or Mayormente comidas hispanas/latinas y algunas comidas americanas”