Fig. 4

Proximal targeting by dsgRNA enhances Cas9-TV editing. a Indel frequencies induced by Cas9, Cas9-TV, Cas9/dsgRNA, and Cas9-TV/dsgRNA at 20 target sites in rice protoplasts. An untreated protoplast sample was used as a control. Indel frequencies were measured by sequencing targeted amplicons. Data are from sets of three independent biological replicates (n = 3) and are shown as means ± s.e.m. b Fold changes of indel frequencies induced by Cas9-TV, Cas9/dsgRNA, and Cas9-TV/dsgRNA relative to Cas9 at the 20 target sites. c Summary of the fold changes of indel frequencies at sites in open chromatin regions. d Summary of the fold changes of indel frequencies at target sites in closed chromatin regions. In b, c and d, the distribution of indel frequencies is shown on a violin plot. The middle dashed line represents the mean. The outer dashed lines represent the interquartile ranges. P values were calculated by one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001