Fig. 2

Cas9 editing in rice is more efficient in open chromatin regions than in closed chromatin regions. a Pairwise comparisons of indel frequencies at pairs of sgRNA-targeted sites in open and closed chromatin regions, respectively. Indel frequencies were measured in rice protoplasts by sequencing targeted amplicons. Data are from sets of three independent biological replicates (n = 3) and are shown as means ± s.e.m. b Summary of Cas9 editing efficiencies in a. Dots of different color represent different target sites. P values were calculated by two-tailed Mann-Whitney tests. *P < 0.05. c Cas9 cleaves all 10 target sites equally well in the chromatin-free state. PCR products containing corresponding target sites were incubated with Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes and visualized and measured on agarose gels. The data are from three independent biological replicates (n = 3) and shown as means ± s.e.m. d Indel patterns generated at the 10 target sites. All experiments were repeated three times with similar results