Fig. 4
From: Genetic disease risks can be misestimated across global populations
GWAS simulations reveal the effects of different study cohorts. Mean risk allele frequencies in different continental populations are shown for each study cohort (3036 disease associations per simulation). Despite the absence of any underlying differences in risk, disease-associated loci that are detected in non-African study cohorts have biased frequencies. a GWAS simulations where the ancestral allele increases risk. b GWAS simulations where the derived allele increases risk