Epigenetic and chromatin-based mechanisms in environmental stress adaptation and stress memory in plants

Table 1 Examples of somatic and transgenerational stress memory

Stress cue	Maximal duration of memory (as analyzed)	Plant-level effect	Chromatin marks associated with priming	Protein regulators	Reference(s)
Somatic stress memory
Desiccation	5–7 d	Yes	H3K4me3, paused RNA Pol II		[63]
Desiccation	4 d	ND	H3K4me3		[64]
Hyperosmotic	10 d	Yes	H3K27me3		[57]
Salt	5 d	Yes	H3K4me3	HY5	[71]
Heat, cold, or salt	7d	Yes	H3K14ac, H3K4me2, H3K4me3	HAC1	[70]
Heat	3 d	Yes	H3K4me2, H3K4me3	HSFA2	[54]
Heat	3 d	Yes	Histone occupancy	FGT1	[58]
Systemic acquired resistance	4–6 d	Yes	H3K4me2, H3K4me3	HSFB1	[43, 46]
Defense priming	ND	Yes	Histone occupancy, H3K4me3	CAF-1	[61]
Inter-/transgenerational stress memory
Hyperosmotic	Inter-generational	Yes	DNA methylation	DNA methylation, DNA demethylation	[95]
Iron deficiency	Inter-generational	Yes			[93]
Various	Inter-generational	ND			[81]
Bacterial infection, chemical stressors	Inter-generational	Yes	DNA methylation		[99]
Bacterial infection	Trans-generational	Yes	H3K27me3, DNA methylation	DNA methylation	[98]
Caterpillar herbivory	Trans-generational	Yes	DNA methylation	NRPD2A, NRPD2B, DCL2/DCL3/DCL4	[100]

ISSN: 1474-760X