Fig. 4

Sub-family sizes for gycoside hydrolases found in the genome sequences of 15 insect species, including A. glabripennis. Species with the maximum gene count for each are indicated with a white asterisk. Among the examined species, A. glabripennis showed the most genes with matches to GH domains, the majority of which were found as multi-copy orthologs. This elevated gene count was mainly due to GH family 1 (IPR001360), members of which exhibit beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase, 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, beta-mannosidase, and myrosinase activities. Uniquely among the examined species, six A. glabripennis genes matched GH family 5 (IPR001547), also known as cellulase family A, whose members exhibit endoglucanase, beta-mannanase, exo-1,3-glucanase, endo-1, 6-glucanase, xylanase, and endoglycoceramidase activities. A. glabripennis also had two matches to the GH family 45 (IPR000334, endoglucanase activity), also known as cellulase family K, which was also found in D. ponderosae (nine copies). Members of GH family 28 (IPR000743) are pectinases that exhibit polygalacturonase and rhamnogalacturonase activities and had matches to 16 genes in A. glabripennis (18 were identified by manual annotation; 19 were reported in [8]), 16 in D. ponderosae and 7 in A. planipennis (50 were manually annotated)