Fig. 2

Episodic, cyclical episodes of polyploidy in plants. All plant lineages are paleopolyploid, differing only in the number of rounds of whole-genome doubling in their ancestry, and in the timing of these events. Long-term processes following whole-genome doubling include differential retention of duplicated genes (here, more circles than squares are lost), biased genome fractionation (shown as greater loss of the B genome), massive genome downsizing and reduction in the number of chromosomes