Table 4 Examples of genes for which expression levels are (anti-)correlated with leaf size-related traits

Regulation of transcription

GRMZM2G361659

AT3G48160^a

DEL1, E2FE, E2L3

DP-E2F-like 1

−−

−

−

AT3G48160^a

Overexpression results in smaller leaves due to repression of cell proliferation

[76]

AT3G01330^c

AT5G14960^c

GRMZM2G462623

AT5G02470^b AT5G03415^a

DPA, DPB

Transcription factor DP

++

++

++

AT5G02470^b

DPa acts together with E2F as stimulator of cell proliferation

[75]

GRMZM2G099862

Putative growth-regulating factor

AT2G22840^b

ATGRF1, ATGRF2

Growth-regulating factor 1, growth-regulating factor 2

++

+

+

AT2G22840^b

Overexpression results in larger cotyledons and leaves due to increase in cell number

[74]

AT4G37740^a,b

AT4G37740^a,b

GRMZM2G470307

AT4G32730^b

ATMYB3R-1, ATMYB3R1, MYB3R-1, MYB3R1, PC-MYB1, AtMYB3R4, MYB3R-4

Homeodomain-like protein, myb domain protein 3r-4

+

+

++

AT5G11510^a,b

Loss of function mutants are more compact

[77]

AT5G11510^a,b

GRMZM2G053298

AT1G20640^b

Plant regulator RWP-RK family protein

+

++

++

+

AT1G20640^b

Loss of function mutants have smaller rosettes

[77]

AT1G76350^a,b,c

AT2G17150^b,c

AT4G35270^b

AT4G38340^b

GRMZM2G067624

AT1G53160^a,b

SPL4, FTM6, SPL3, SPL5

Squamosa promoter binding protein-like, FLORAL TRANSITION AT THE MERISTEM6

+

++

++

+

AT1G53160^a,b

Promotor of vegetative phase change; influencing the duration of the vegetative phase can affect number and size of leaves

[78, 149]

AT2G33810^b

AT3G15270^b

Hormone metabolism

GRMZM2G144701

AT2G42820^c

HVA22F

HVA22-like protein F

+

++

+

AT2G42820^c

Downregulation of HVA22-like genes results in plants with dwarf and bushy stature with a reduced seed set

[80]

GRMZM2G130548

HVA22-like protein a

AT1G74520^a

HVA22A

HVA22 homologue A

++

++

++

AT1G74520^a

Downregulation of HVA22-like genes results in plants with dwarf and bushy stature with a reduced seed set

[80]

GRMZM2G102347

AT1G75700^a,b

HVA22G

HVA22-like protein G

++

AT1G75700^a,b

Downregulation of HVA22-like genes results in plants with dwarf and bushy stature with a reduced seed set

[80]

AT5G42560^b

AT1G19950^b

GRMZM2G135978

AT1G12820^c

AFB3, AFB2, TIR1, AFB1, GRH1

Auxin signaling F-box 3, auxin signaling F-box 2, F-box/RNI-like superfamily protein, GRR1-like protein 1

++

+

+

AT3G62980^a,b,c

Mutations in TIR1 that enhance the degradation of auxin/IAA display more lateral roots, smaller rosettes and reduced number of axillary branches

[59, 77]

AT3G26810^c

AT3G62980^a,b,c

AT4G03190^b,c

GRMZM2G057000

Brassinosteroid biosynthesis-like protein

AT3G19820^a,b,c

CBB1, DIM, DIM1, DWF1, EVE1

Cell elongation protein/DWARF1/DIMINUTO (DIM)

−−

−

−

AT3G19820^a,b,c

Brassinosteroid dwarfs have more roundish, dark green leaves next to short, robust inflorescence and reduced fertility

[81]

GRMZM2G125943

Histidine kinase

AT1G27320^c

AHK3, HK3, AHK4, ATCRE1, CRE1, WOL, WOL1, AHK2, HK2

Histidine kinase 3, CHASE domain containing histidine kinase protein, histidine kinase 2

+

++

++

+

AT1G27320^c

Ectopic expression of ZmHK6 in Arabidopsis results in strongly enhanced shoot development, next to smaller seeds and a smaller root system; loss of function mutants in Arabidopsis orthologs have severe phenotypes, including smaller leaves due to a strong reduction in the number of cells

[150, 151]

AT2G01830^a,b

AT2G01830^a,b

AT5G35750^c

AT5G35750^c

GRMZM2G158252

Histidine kinase 3

AT1G27320^c AT5G35750^a,b,c

AHK3, HK3, AHK4, ATCRE1, CRE1, WOL, WOL1, AHK2, HK2

Histidine kinase 3, CHASE domain containing histidine kinase protein, histidine kinase 2

++

++

++

+

AT1G27320^c AT5G35750^a,b,c

Ectopic expression of ZmHK1 in Arabidopsis results in strongly enhanced shoot development, next to smaller seeds and a smaller root system; loss of function mutants in Arabidopsis orthologs have severe phenotypes, including smaller leaves due to a strong reduction in the number of cells

[150, 151]

GRMZM2G067225

Allene oxide synthase

AT5G42650^a,b,c

DDE2, AOS, CYP74A

DELAYED DEHISCENCE 2, allene oxide synthase, CYTOCHROME P450 74A

−−

−

−

−

AT5G42650^a,b,c

aos mutants have larger leaves and rosettes

[83, 152]

Protein degradation

GRMZM2G041561

BRCA1-associated protein

AT2G26000^a,b,c

BRIZ2

Zinc finger (C3HC4-type RING finger) family protein

++

++

++

++

AT2G26000^a,b,c

Loss of function mutants show severe phenotype; genes involved in seed germination and early seedling growth

[91]

GRMZM2G120408

AT3G61590^a,b

HWS, HS

HAWAIIAN SKIRT

++

+

+

AT3G61590^a,b

Loss of function mutants display increased growth of leaves and roots, while overexpression reduces rosette size

[92]

GRMZM2G116314

AT1G17110^a,b,c

UBP15

Ubiquitin-specific protease 15

+

++

+

AT1G17110^a,b,c

Overexpression results in plants with larger rosettes due to increase in leaf weight and number of leaves, while mutants display opposite phenotypes

[90]

Posttranslational modifications

GRMZM2G054634

ATP binding protein

AT1G01740^c

BSK3, BSK1, BSK2

BR-signaling kinase

++

+

++

AT1G01740^c

Triple, quadruple and pentuple loss of function mutants show a reduced rosette size

[153]

AT1G50990^c

AT1G50990^c

AT1G63500^c

AT1G63500^c

AT3G54030^c

AT3G54030^c

AT4G00710^c

AT4G00710^c

AT4G35230^c

AT4G35230^c

AT5G41260^c

AT5G41260^c

AT5G46570^a,b,c

AT5G46570^a,b,c

AT5G59010^c

AT5G59010^c

GRMZM2G004572

AT1G53730^a

SRF6, SRF7, SRF4, SRF5, SRF3

STRUBBELIG-receptor family protein

+

++

++

+

AT3G13065^c

Loss of function mutants show smaller leaves while overexpressing plants display enlarged leaves

[95]

AT3G13065^c

AT1G78980^c

AT4G03390^c

Cell wall

GRMZM2G328500

AT1G26570^b,c

UGD1, UGD2, UGD3

UDP-glucose dehydrogenase 1, UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase family protein

−−

−

−

AT3G29360^a,b,c

Double mutants in the two isoforms of the enzyme udg2,3 are severely dwarfed due to defects in cell wall composition

[101]

AT3G29360^a,b,c

AT5G15490^b,c

AT5G15490^b,c

AT5G39320^b,c