Fig. 4

CPAG identifies clusters attributable to four broad models of trait similarity. a Similarity due to an intermediate trait being a risk factor for a disease or other more complex trait, as exemplified by iron levels affecting hemoglobin and red blood cell (RBC) traits. b Similarity due to a trait being a consequence of a disease, as exemplified by glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1C) being caused by increased plasma glucose and type 2 diabetes. c Similarity due to a single pathway being associated with two or more diseases, as exemplified by possibly antigen presentation affecting both psoriasis and AIDS progression. d Similarity due to the same genes having effects in different tissues or on different signaling pathways, as exemplified by similarity in pigmentation traits in skin, eyes, and hair