Table 1 Ten recurrent genes that are least associated with cancer in the literature

This is a member of the PIK-related kinases family, and previously it was suggested it mediates transcriptional control of TP53 on MDM2 [32]. We find TRRAP in result groups both with PIK3CA and with TP53 for two subtypes of endometrial cancer.

Known to be over-expressed in cancer cells, and it was suggested it carries anti-apoptotic signals by activating nuclear phosphoinositol 3 kinases [33].

A ceramide synthase. Ceramide was previously classified as a tumor-suppressor lipid [34].

This is a nuclear receptor and it was previously associated with secondary lymphedema formation after breast cancer surgery [35].

This is a component of the gamma-secretase complex, which cleaves many target proteins including Notch and Ecadherin. In a study, it was found to be over-expressed in about half of breast cancer cells, and its knock-down was shown to reduce cell invasion [36].

The alpha subunit of laminin. It functions in cell attachment and mobility. It is also known to function in a complex that activates Rho GTPases [37].

This is a Ras-related GTPase, and is involved in the Ras-MAPK signaling cascade. Its mutations were recently classified as driver for lung adenocarcinoma cells [38].

This gene functions in myofibrillogenesis, and is known to activate Rho GTPases [28,29].

Ryanodine receptors are calcium release channels found in skeletal muscle and neuronal cells. It was previously reported that RyR expression occurs frequently in breast cancer and correlates with tumor grade [39].

This is a member of the spectrin family, which are membrane cytoskeletal proteins that function in cell membrane organization and stability. It was previously shown that another spectrin, SPTBN1, functions in TGF-beta signaling, and its loss can contribute to hepatocellular cancer [40].