Figure 3

Phylogenetic relationships and gene orthology based on the genomes of 15 arthropod species. (A) phylogenetic relations of BPH to insects and other arthropods based on single-copy orthologous genes obtained from full genomes. Thirteen insect species were used for the analysis, including Bombyx mori, Danaus plexippus, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, Drosophila melanogaster, Tribolium castaneum, Apis mellifera, Camponotus floridanus, Nasonia vitripennis, Pediculus humanus, Rhodnius prolixus, Nilaparvata lugens, and Acyrthosiphon pisum. Two Arthropoda animals (Daphnia pulex, Tetranychus urticae) were used as outgroup taxa. Branch lengths represents divergence times estimated by second codon positions of 318 single-copy genes (Table S17 in Additional file 1) using PhyML [80],[81], with a gamma distribution across sites and an HKY85 substitution model. The branch supports were inferred based on approximate likelihood ratio test (aLRT) (B) Gene orthology comparison among the genomes of 15 arthropod species. Note: the order of the 15 species follows that in Figure 3A. 1:1:1 refers to single-copy gene orthologs found across all 15 lineages. N:N:N refers to multi-copy gene paralogs found across all 15 lineages. Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Insect refer to taxon-specific genes that are present only in the relevant lineage. SD indicates species-specific genes in multiple copies. ND indicates species-specific genes in single copies.