Table 1 The peaks of circadian gene oscillation and their correlation with different biological and physiological functions
Peak | Clock genes | Peak time (hours after synchronization) | Number of genes | Pathways | Cellular state | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Differentiated | Stem cell | Both | |||||
A | NR1D1, NR1D2 | 16 | 327 | 374 | 19 | Protein localization, transcriptional regulation, cytoskeleton, cAMP metabolism, collagen metabolism | Differentiation |
B | PER1, PER3 | 20 | 566 | 454 | 28 | Ca2+ homeostasis, cholesterol metabolism, RNA modification, amino acid metabolism, vitamin D response, ribosome biogenesis | |
C | PER2, CRY2 | 22 | 899 | 695 | 73 | Ca2+ homeostasis, glucocorticoid response, glucose and lipid metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, cell cycle | |
D | CRY1 | 26 | 494 | 575 | 23 | Nuclear lumen organization, DNA damage response, repair, ribosome biogenesis, mitochondrial morphogenesis, cell cycle and DNA replication, splicing regulation, pigmentation, ATP metabolism | DNA replication, repair |
E | BMAL1 | 34 | 832 | 415 | 23 | Endosome membrane, RNA localization, chromatin remodeling, DNA metabolism, stress response, cell division, mitotic phase | |