Study | Primary perturbation | Effect on insulin secretion/resistance | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Evidence that SHBG is upstream of type 2 diabetes | |||
Prospective studies | Altered levels of sex hormones | Increased risk of type 2 diabetes | [34] |
PCOS in women | Elevation in levels of androgens | Increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | [45] |
Randomized controlled trial | Androgen supplementation in men with low testosterone levels | Increased insulin sensitivity | [46] |
Animal model (male mouse) | Lack of androgen receptor | Insulin resistance | [47] |
Animal model (female rat) | Treatment with testosterone after oophorectomy | Insulin resistance | [48] |
Evidence that SHBG is downstream of type 2 diabetes | |||
In vitro study | Incubation of hepatoblastoma cell line with IGF-I | Decreased SHBG levels | [49] |
Animal model (mouse) and in vitro study | Increased fasting glucose | Downregulation of SHBG expression | [50] |
Intervention study | Insulin lowering interventions in non-diabetic men and women (without PCOS) | Increased SHBG levels | |
Study of obese women with PCOS | Increase insulin levels | Reduced serum SHBG levels | [53] |