Table 2 Orthologous candidate genes associated with human alcohol phenotypes, and their differential expression in three model organisms
From: The genetic basis of alcoholism: multiple phenotypes, many genes, complex networks
Human | Fly | Mouse | Rat | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein (gene symbol) | Phenotype and reference(s) | Gene functiona | Gene symbol | Phenotype and reference(s) | Gene symbol | Phenotype and reference(s) | Gene symbol | Phenotype and reference(s) |
Adducin 1 (ADD1) | Alcohol dependence [40] | Membrane-cytoskeleton-associated protein that promotes the assembly of the spectrin-actin network | hts | Ethanol knockdown [94] | Add1 | Alcohol consumption [96] | Add1 | Alcohol consumption [97] |
Adenylate cyclase 3 (ADCY3) | Mediates odorant detection via modulation of intracellular cAMP concentration | Ac3 | Ethanol knockdown [98] | Adcy3 | Alcohol consumption [96] | Adcy3 | Alcohol consumption [66] | |
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 (ALDH1A1) | Alcohol consumption [99] | Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family; binds free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal | CG31075 | Aldh1a1 | Alcohol consumption [100] | Aldh1a1 | Alcohol consumption [97] | |
ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B, member 1 (ABCB1) | Alcohol dependence [25] | Member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters; energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells | Mdr50 | Ethanol knockdown [93] | Abcb1b | Alcohol consumption [96] | Abcb1a | Alcohol consumption [66] |
Crystallin, alpha B (CRYAB) | Alcohol dependence [41] | Member of the small heat-shock protein family; may contribute to the transparency and refractive index of the lens; expressed widely in many tissues and organs | l(2)efl | Cryab | Cryab | Alcohol consumption [67] | ||
Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule like 1 (DSCAML1) | Alcohol dependence [25] | Cell adhesion molecule that plays a role in neuronal self-avoidance | CG42256 | Ethanol knockdown [93] | Dscaml1 | Alcohol consumption [96] | Dscam | Alcohol consumption [66] |
Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) | Alcohol consumption [65] | The protein is one of several forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes; catalyzes the production of GABA | Gad1 | Ethanol knockdown [93] | Gad1 | Gad1 | ||
Protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 3 (PDIA3) | Alcohol dependence [40] | A protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin to modulate folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins | ERp60 | Ethanol knockdown [93] | Pdia3 | Acute ethanol injections [102] | Pdia3 | Alcohol consumption [97] |
Protein kinase C, alpha (PRKCA) | The protein is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific enzyme; plays a role in many different cellular processes | inaC | Prkca | Alcohol consumption [96] | Prkca | Alcohol consumption [66] | ||
Solute carrier family 2, member 14 (SLC2A14) | Alcohol dependence [25] | Member of the glucose transporter (GLUT) family that facilitates glucose transport | Glut1 | Ethanol knockdown [93] | Slc2a3 | Alcohol consumption [101] | Slc2a3 | Alcohol consumption [66] |
Tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3) | Alcohol dependence [22] | Belongs to a family of proteins that function as receptors for tachykinins; associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system | Takr99D | Ethanol knockdown [93] | Tacr3 | Alcohol consumption [96] | Tacr3 | Alcohol consumption [66] |