Table 1 Giardia protein and lipid kinases and protein phosphatases published to date
From: The minimal kinome of Giardia lamblia illuminates early kinase evolution and unique parasite biology
Kinase | ORF ID | Localization (immunofluorescence, tag or specific antibody) | Protein expression (immunoblot) | Reported function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aurora kinase (AurK) | 5358 | Interphase: nuclei. Mitosis: activated by phosphorylation. pAurK: centrosomes, spindle, anterior PFR, median body, parent attachment disk | Constant in encystation | Mitosis, cell cycle (inhibitors) | [52] |
PKAc | 11214 | Basal bodies, anterior, caudal PFR. Encystation: basal bodies only | Constant in encystation | Encystation, excystation (inhibitors) | |
PKAr | 9117 | Basal bodies, anterior, caudal PFR. Encystation: greatly decreased | Strongly decreased in encystation | Decreases activity of PKAc | [14] |
Akt (PKB) | 11364 | Â | Â | Â | [47] |
ERK1 | 17563 | Median body, outer edge of attachment disk | Gradually reduced during encystation | Reduced activity in encystation | [16] |
ERK2 | 22850 | Nuclei, caudal flagella. Encystation: cytoplasmic, punctate | Not greatly changed in encystation | Reduced activity in encystation | [16] |
PI3K1 | 14855 | Â | Â | Growth (inhibitors) | |
PI3K2 | 17406 | Â | Â | Growth (inhibitors) | |
PI4K | 16558 | Â | Â | Growth (inhibitors) | [48] |
PKA | 86444 | [Reported as a PKCβ] |  |  | [24] |
TOR | 35180 | Â | Â | Â | |
Protein phosphatase | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
PP2Ac | 5010 | Basal bodies, anterior, caudal, posterior-lateral PFR. Encystation: localization to anterior PFR lost, cyst wall | Highest in cysts, stage I excystation | Encystation, excystation (inhibitor, antisense) | [15] |