Table 2 Expression and function of human and mouse TRP channels

TRPC subfamily

TRPC1

Human: 3q22-q24; mouse: 9 E4

Ubiquitous

Generation of the excitatory postsynaptic potential in brain; netrin-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mediated growth cone guidance; connections to sleep/wakefulness states, alertness and appetite; brain development (together with TRPC5); glutamate signaling in hippocampus; regulation of smooth muscle contraction pulmonary system; platelet function; skeletal muscle differentiation; mechano-sensation?

TRPC2

Human: 11p15.4-p15.3 (pseudogene); mouse: 7 F1

Dendritic tips of the vomeronasal sensory neurons and spermatozoa (mouse)

Pheromone detection that regulates sexual and social behaviors, such as gender recognition and male-male aggression (mouse)

TRPC3

Human: 4q25-q27; mouse: 3 B

Central nervous system (CNS) and smooth and cardiac muscle cells

BDNF-mediated growth cone guidance (TRPC1-independent); spine formation in brain; γ-aminobutyric acid signaling in striatum; astrocyte function; moto-control in cerebellum; cerebral vaso-motor control; erythropoietin function; functional coupling to orexin receptor

TRPC4

Human: 13q13.1-q13.2; mouse: 3 D

Placenta, adrenal gland, CNS, endothelium, smooth muscle cells, kidney, intestinal cells of Cajal

Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and regulation of transcellular permeation of the endothelial layer; cell-cell adhesion in endothelium through junctional proteins; hypoxia sensing together with TRPC1

TRPC5

Human: Xq23-q24; mouse: X F2

Brain, especially in fetal brain and very weak expression in other tissues

Brain development (together with TRPC1); neurite growth, growth cone guidance and morphology; anxiety, fear and reward processing in nucleus accumbens

TRPC6

Human: 11q21-q22; mouse: 9 A1

Smooth muscle cells, lung, brain, placenta, kidney (podocyte foot processes), spleen, ovary and small intestine, neutrophils

Vaso-motor regulation; α1 signaling in smooth muscle; smooth muscle proliferation; angiogenesis; endocannabinoid signaling in the brain; promotion of dendrite growth and synapse forming in the developing brain; glomerular filter integrity in the kidney; platelet function; redox sensor; mechano-sensor?

TRPC7

Human: 5q31.2; mouse: 13 B2

Pituitary glands, kidney and CNS (human); heart and lung; weak in CNS and kidney (mouse)

Controls respiratory rhythm activity in pre-Bötzinger complex in the brain

TRPV subfamily

TRPV1

Human: 17p13.3; mouse: 11 B3

Dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia; spinal and peripheral nerve terminals, brain, skin (cutaneous sensory nerve fibers, mast cells, epidermal keratinocytes, dermal blood vessels, the inner root sheet and the infundibulum of hair follicles, differentiated sebocytes, sweat gland ducts, and the secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands), pancreas, bladder (urothelium, smooth muscle, blood vessels and neurons)

Thermo-sensation (heat); autonomic thermoregulation; nociception; pain management; synaptic plasticity in the brain (long-term depression); endocannabinoid signaling in the brain; food intake regulation; growth cone guidance in the brain; osmosensing in the brain by a particular TRPV1 variant; multiple functions in the gut

TRPV2

Human: 17p11.2; mouse: 11 B2

Dorsal root ganglia and CNS neurons, gastro-intestinal tract, spleen, mast cells, smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells

Thermo-sensation (noxious heat); nociception; axon outgrowth in spinal motor neurons; critical for phagocytosis in macrophages

TRPV3

Human: 17p13.3; mouse: 11 B4

Dorsal root and trigeminal ganglion neurons, brain, keratinocytes, hair follicles, tongue and testis

Thermo-sensation (moderate heat); nociception; skin integrity, wound healing, hair growth and sebocyte function

TRPV4

Human: 12q24.1; mouse: 5 F

CNS (large neurons), trigeminal ganglia, heart, liver, kidney, skin (keratinocytes), osteoblasts, blood vessels (endothelium), bladder (urothelium) and testis, cochlea (inner and outer hair cells, marginal cells of the cochlear stria vascularis), kidney (epithelial cells of tubules and glomeruli)

Thermo-sensation (moderate heat); mechano-sensation; osmo-sensation; nociception; modulation of cell migration; endothelium vaso-motor control and possible shear stress sensor; mechano-receptor in urothelium (important for voiding control); osteogenesis and osteoclast function; important in human bone and neurodegenerative diseases; control adherens junctions in skin; cochlea

TRPV5

Human: 7q35; mouse: 6 B2

High in kidney; lower in gastro-intestinal tract, pancreas, testis, prostate, placenta, brain and salivary gland

Ca²⁺ (re)absorption channel in kidney and intestines

TRPV6

Human: 7q33-q34; mouse: 6 B2

High in gastro-intestinal tract; lower in kidney, pancreas, testis, prostate, placenta, brain and salivary gland

Ca²⁺ (re)absorption channel in intestines and kidney; key player in Ca²⁺/1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced keratinocyte development in the skin

TRPM subfamily

TRPM1

Human: 15q13-q14; mouse: 7 C

Skin melanocytes, retinal bipolar ganglia

Light response in ON bipolar retinal ganglia cells; tumor repressor in melanoma cells

TRPM2

Human: 21q22.3; mouse: 10 C1

Brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood cells (neutrophils), lung, spleen, eye, heart and liver

Oxidative and nitrosative stress response; activation of granulocytes; pancreas insulin release; critical in apoptosis

TRPM3

Human: 9q21.13; mouse: 19 C1

Primarily in kidney; lower in brain, sensory neurons, testis, ovary, pancreas and spinal cord

Steroid hormone (pregnanolon) sensor; possible regulator in endocrine pancreas, glia cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells

TRPM4

Human: 19q13.32; mouse: 7 B4

Heart, exo- and endocrine pancreas, mast cells, smooth muscle, macula densa, lung and placenta

Mast cell degranulation (histamine release) and migration as a critical Ca-impermeable cation channel regulating Ca²⁺ entry; catecholamine release from chromaffin cells; vasopressin release from paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei

TRPM5

Human: 11p15.5; mouse: 7 F5

Tongue (taste bud cells), lungs, testis, digestive system, brain, endocrine pancreas

Taste (sweet, bitter, umami); positive regulator of glucose-induced insulin release; trigeminal nasal chemoreception

TRPM6

Human: 9q21.13; mouse: 19 B

Kidney, colon and intestine

Mg²⁺ homeostasis and reabsorption in kidney and intestine

TRPM7

Human: 15q21; mouse: 2 F2

Ubiquitous

Mg²⁺ homeostasis and reabsorption in kidney and intestine; cell cycle control; gastrulation; development of thymocytes (thymopoiesis); cell migration; shear stress sensor?; skeletogenesis?

TRPM8

Human: 2q37.1; mouse: 1 C5

Sensory dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia neurons, nodose ganglion cells innervating the upper gut, vascular smooth muscle cells, liver, gastric fundus, bladder (urothelium) and different tissues of the male genital tract; high in tumors from prostate, breast, colon, lung and skin

Thermo-sensation (cold); sperm motility, acrosome reaction

TRPA1 subfamily

TRPA1

Human: 8q13; mouse: 1 A3

Hair cells, sensory dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia neurons, fibroblasts

Thermo-sensation (noxious cold); the most versatile chemo-sensor; mechano-sensation?; nociception; olfactory responses; cold-induced contraction in colon and bladder

TRPML subfamily

TRPML1

Human: 19p13.3-13.2; mouse: 8 A1.1

Ubiquitous; intracellular ion channel

Essential for endocytosis and endosomal/lysosomal function; regulation of autophagy

TRPML2

Human: 1p22; mouse: 3 H3

Ubiquitous; intracellular ion channel

Endosomal/lysosomal function

TRPML3

Human: 1p22.3; mouse: 3 H3

Hair cells (stria vascularis, stereocilia); intracellular ion channel

Endosomal/lysosomal function; autophagy; hair cell maturation?

TRPP subfamily

TRPP2

Human: 4q22; mouse: 5 E4

Ubiquitous; mostly in ovary, fetal and adult kidney, testis, and small intestine in both motile and primary cilia

Cardiac, skeletal and renal development; integrity of the vessel wall; negative regulator of endogenous mechano-sensitive channels; mechano-receptor and flow-sensor in endothelium; apoptosis

TRPP3

Human: 10q24-q25; mouse: 19 D1

Adult heart, skeletal muscle, brain, spleen, testis, retina and liver

Renal development; part of putative sour sensor

TRPP5

Human: 5q31; mouse: 18 B3

Testis, brain and kidney

Spermatogenesis?