Table 1 Previously unknown toxins identified in the platypus venom gland transcriptome data
Number of platypus venom genes | Toxin family | Range of percent identities to Tox-Prot proteins | Venom homologue examples | Predicted effects (related to envenomation symptoms) | Example references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
26 | Serine protease (kallikrein plus other) | 27-62 | Blarina toxin (shrew); gilatoxin (lizard); trocarin D (snake) | Coagulation; inflammation; nociperception; smooth muscle contraction; vasodilation | |
18 | Stonustoxin-like/B30.2 (PRY-SPRY) domains | 26-51 | Stonustoxin (stonefish); ohanin (snake) | Hemolysis; edema; pain | |
10 | Kunitz type protease inhibitor | 44-59 | Beta-bungarotoxin (snake) | Hemostatic effects; inflammation; neurotoxic; protective effects for storage | [40] |
7 | Zinc metalloproteinase | 28-46 | Zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin (snake) | Inflammation; myonecrosis | |
7 | Latrotoxin-like (ankyrin repeat domains) | 25-33 | Alpha-latrotoxin (spider) | Pain | [45] |
6 | CRiSP (Cysteine rich secretory protein) | 33-68 | Helothermine (lizard); cysteine-rich venom protein (snake) | Muscle wasting; smooth muscle relaxation | |
1 | Sea anemone cytolytic toxin-like | 36 | Actinoporins (sea anemone) | Hemolysis; pain; pore formation | [48] |
2 | Unknown; IG domains | 0 | - | Unknown | - |
2 | Mamba intestinal toxin-like | 56 | MIT1 (snake) | Open cation channels; unknown | [72] |
1 | C-type lectin domain-containing | 38 | Rhodocytin (snake); however, contains several additional domains | Unknown (does not match envenomation symptoms) | - |
1 | Sarafotoxin-like | 38 | Sarafotoxin (snake) | Unknown (does not match envenomation symptoms) | - |
1 | VEGF | 53 | Vascular endothelial growth factor toxin (snake) | Edema; vascular permeability | [73] |
1 | DNAse II | 35 | Plancitoxin-1 (starfish) | Apoptosis; DNA degradation | [74] |
Total 83 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |